Iiorchids zaseBrazil zemveli kunye nomba osemthethweni wokuqokelela.

Kukho into engaqhelekanga ekulinyweni kwee-orchid eBrazil: abantu abaninzi bahlawula ixabiso eliphezulu kwii-hybrids ezingeniswe kwamanye amazwe kwaye abazi ukuba uninzi lwee-orchids ezidumileyo kwihlabathi liphela zezaseBrazil—ezinye zivela kummandla abahlala kuwo.

I-orchid yeCattleya ebonakala kuzo zonke iifoto zomboniso zaseYurophu zenkulungwane ye-19 ivela ePernambuco. Intyatyambo engokomfuziselo yaseSanta Catarina yi-orchid ekhula kwihlathi lemveli elikufutshane.

Eli nqaku ligubungela izinto ezimbini ezihamba kunye: zeziphi ii-orchids zemveli eziphambili kunye nesizathu sokuba zikhethwe kakuhle ukuzityala apha - kunye necala elisemthethweni, kuba ukuthenga ii-orchids zemveli ngendlela engafanelekanga lulwaphulo-mthetho, kwaye uninzi lwabantu alukwazi oko.

IBrazil yenye yamazwe anezona orchid zityebileyo ehlabathini.

I-Orchidaceae yenye yezona ntsapho zinkulu zezityalo eBrazil. Inani elichanekileyo leentlobo liyatshintsha ngokweenguqulelo ze-taxonomic, kwaye isalathiso esisemthethweni sokubonisana yiFlora kunye neFunga yaseBrazil, egcinwe yiRio de Janeiro Botanical Garden — isiseko sedatha sikawonke-wonke sasimahla apho unokujonga khona ukuba uhlobo luvela phi kwaye luvela kuluphi na uhlobo.

Kufanelekile ukusebenzisa olu lwazi ngaphambi kokuba uthenge. Ukuba umthengisi uthi isityalo sesohlobo oluthile, imizuzu emibini yophando iya kukubonisa ukuba olo hlobo lukhona eBrazil kwaye lukhona phi.

Eyona ngxinano inkulu ikwihlathi leAtlantic , eliyeyona biome ityebileyo kwii-orchids kwaye ngaxeshanye liqhekeza kakhulu kweli lizwe. Olu nxulunyaniswa sisiseko sengxaki yokulondolozwa.

Abantu bomthonyama mhlawumbi sele ubazi.

Iintlobo	Ivela phi?	Isici
I-Cattleya labiata	UMntla Mpuma	waqala ukuthanda iCattleya eYurophu
I-Cattleya purpurata	on	isimboli seentyatyambo sikaSanta Catherine
I-Cattleya walkeriana	ICerrado, eMzantsi-mpuma	incinci, inevumba elimnandi kakhulu
Cattleya intermedia	Unxweme olusemazantsi	I-Rustic, ilungele abaqalayo
I-Cattleya nobilior	Embindi-ntshona	isalamane esisondeleyo sikaWalkeriana
I-Cattleya coccinea	Serra do Mar	bomvu obuncinci, obukhali
I-Bifrenaria harrisoniae	Ihlathi leAtlantiki	intyatyambo enencindi, ukulima kwasemaphandleni
Zygopetalum spp.	EMzantsi naseMzantsi-mpuma	isiqholo esinamandla, i-labellum enemigca

Izinto ezimbini eziqwalaselweyo malunga namagama, kuba avelisa uphendlo olungenaziqhamo.

I-Cattleya purpurata ithengiswa kwiindawo ezininzi njengeLaelia purpurata — isityalo esifanayo, igama nje elidala. Kwaye i-Cattleya coccinea yahlulwahlulwa njengeSophronitis coccinea , igama elisasetyenziswa kakhulu phakathi kwabathandi be-orchid.

Ukuba ukukhangela igama elinye akuvelisi ziphumo, zama elinye. Azizo iintlobo ezahlukeneyo; kukutshintshatshintsha kwe-taxonomic.

Kutheni indalo iyinzuzo esebenzisekayo, kungekhona nje engokomfuziselo.

Kukho isizathu esicacileyo sokukhetha uhlobo lwaseBrazil, kwaye asikokuthanda ilizwe: umjikelo walo sele uhambelana namaxesha onyaka apha.

I-hybrid eyaphuhliswa kwi-northern hemisphere yakhethwa ngenxa yokukhanya kunye nobushushu obuchaseneyo nobethu. Iyaqhelana, kodwa kudla ngokuthatha ixesha ukuze umjikelo wayo ulungele, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha idubula ngexesha elingafanelekanga okanye ngokungacwangciswanga.

Uhlobo oluvela kummandla wakho luya kuqala ukukhula xa imozulu yakho ishushu kwaye luya kufumana intyatyambo ngexesha eyenzeka ngalo ngokwemvelo kwisixeko sakho. Akukho mfuneko yokulinganisa.

Ivela kwiHlathi laseAtlantiki eliphakamileyo, ikhula kakuhle ekulinyweni ngaphandle kwimimandla yaseMzantsi naseMzantsi-mpuma weBrazil. Ivela kwiCerrado, inyamezela ixesha lonyaka eliphawulweyo, elisebenza njengexesha lokuphumla lendalo. Ivela kwiCaatinga, inyamezela into uninzi lweentlobo zezilwanyana olungenakukwazi ukuyinyamezela.

Yingakho i -Cattleya intermedia ekhuliswe ebaleni ePorto Alegre ifuna umsebenzi omncinci kune-hybrid engeniswe kwamanye amazwe kwindawo enye.

Oko i-biome nganye isifundisa kona malunga nokulima.

Ukwazi ukuba loluphi uhlobo lwebhayome oluvela kulo kwenza kube lula ukulima. Yindlela emfutshane engcono kunalo naluphi na uluhlu oluqhelekileyo.

Ihlathi laseAtlantic. Umswakama ophezulu phantse unyaka wonke, imvula esasazeke kakuhle, kunye nokutshintsha kobushushu ngokwendawo ephakamileyo. Iintlobo ezivela kulo mmandla zihlala zithanda umswakama ongaguqukiyo kwaye aziyinyamezeli imbalela ende. Ezo zivela kwiindawo eziphakamileyo — iSerra do Mar, eMantiqueira — zifuna ubusuku obupholileyo kwaye zihlupheke kubushushu obungapheliyo.

I-Cerrado. Ixesha elomileyo eliphawulwe ukususela ngoMeyi ukuya kuSeptemba, ilanga elinamandla, umahluko omkhulu phakathi kwemini nobusuku. Iintlobo ze-Cerrado zinendawo ezigciniweyo eziqinileyo kwaye zifuna ukuhlala zomile — ukuzinkcenkceshela ngendlela efanayo ebusika yeyona mpazamo ixhaphakileyo. I-Cattleya walkeriana ngumzekelo oqhelekileyo.

I-Amazonia. Ubushushu obuphezulu nobuhlala buhleli kunye nokufuma, utshintsho oluncinci kubushushu. Olu hlobo lwe-Amazon aludingi kubanda ukuze ludubule, ngoko ke lukhetho olufanelekileyo kuMantla nasemantla-mpuma eBrazil. Nangona kunjalo, luyahlupheka kwiindawo ezomileyo.

I-Caatinga. Ingumzekelo wokuqina. Olu hlobo lunyamezela imbalela nobushushu obunganyamezelekiyo kwezinye ezininzi, kwaye luhlala lukhula ematyeni. Kulula kakhulu ukuzigcina ziphila kwaye azidingi kakhulu ngokubhekiselele kumswakama.

Intsingiselo ebonakalayo ilula: ngaphambi kokuba uthenge, buza ukuba loluphi uhlobo lwesityalo oluvela kulo. Oku kuphendula iimfuno zokunkcenkceshela, ixesha lokuphumla, kunye neemfuno zokuphola ngaxeshanye.

Ii-micro-orchids, isahluko saseBrazil.

Kukho indalo engaziwayo kangako ngaphandle koluntu olukhula ii-orchid: ii-micro-orchids, izityalo eziziisentimitha ezimbalwa ubude kunye neentyatyambo ezinkulu ngokulinganayo.

Ihlathi laseAtlantic elikwindawo ephakamileyo lityebile kakhulu kweli qela. Iintlobo ezifana nePleurothallis , Stelis , Octomeria , kunye namalungu amancinci eqela leCattleya coccinea afumaneka kwiindawo ezinenkungu rhoqo kwiintaba zaseSerra do Mar.

Ngokwembono yokulima, zinenzuzo ecacileyo: azithathi ndawo ingako, kwaye ingqokelela yeenkukhu ezininzi zingena eshelufini. Umntu oneflethi encinci unokufikelela kuhlobo olungenakwenzeka ngeCattleya.

Ingxaki kukuba uninzi lufuna ukufuma okuphezulu kunye nobushushu obuphantsi rhoqo - nto leyo ethetha ukuba kukho indawo yokuhlala okanye indawo elawulwayo kwiindawo ezininzi zaseBrazil. Asiloqela lokuqala, kodwa kubalulekile ukwazi ukuba likho.

Indlela yokwakha ingqokelela yemveli ukusuka ekuqaleni

Ukuba ingcamango kukuba uqale ndaweni ithile, ulandelelwano oluqondakalayo luqala kolona lunyamezelayo luye kolona lufuna kakhulu — kwaye alukho kweyiphi enentyatyambo entle kakhulu kwifoto.

Okokuqala: I-Cattleya intermedia okanye i- Epidendrum yendalo . Ziqinile, zinyamezela utshintsho ekunyamekelweni, kwaye zivumela iimpazamo ngaphandle kokonakalisa isityalo. Ukuba unendawo yangaphandle, zingatyalwa emthini.

Okwesibini: I-Cattleya walkeriana ukuba ukwingingqi yeCerrado okanye inokunika ukuphumla okomileyo ngexesha lasebusika; okanye i-Cattleya labiata ukuba ukwiMpuma-mpuma. Apha uqala ukusebenza ngomjikelo wobomi, kungekuphela nje ngokusinda.

Okwesithathu: I-Zygopetalum okanye i-Bifrenaria , ezineemfuno ezithile kodwa ezisaxolelayo.

Okulandelayo: iintlobo eziphakamileyo kunye nee-micro-orchids, apho kuqala khona imfuneko yendawo elawulwayo. Ukushiya ezi zinto ekugqibeleni kuthintela ukuphoxeka kokulahlekelwa sisityalo esibizayo ngenxa yokungabikho kwezixhobo ezifanelekileyo.

Enye into egcina imali: iintlobo zezityalo eziqhelekileyo ezisetyenziswa ekulimeni zibiza kancinci kakhulu kunokuba zibonakala, kuba abavelisi bazisasaza ngobuninzi bazo. Ixabiso eliphezulu livela kwiikloni ezikhethiweyo kunye neentlobo ezinqabileyo — nto leyo kanye ekungafanele uyithenge ekuqaleni.

Inxalenye ephantse ingabikho mntu uyixelelayo: ukuthatha izityalo endle lulwaphulo-mthetho.

Olu lwazi alukho phantse kuzo zonke izinto eziqulathwe kukulima, kwaye lubalulekile kuba le ndlela iqhelekile kwaye iyamkeleka eluntwini.

Ukuqokelela izityalo zendalo ngaphandle kwemvume kukwaphula umthetho wokusingqongileyo. UMthetho 9.605/1998, uMthetho woLwaphulo-mthetho lweNdalo , ubeka ulwaphulo-mthetho ukuziphatha okonakalisa izityalo zendalo, kuquka ukukhutshelwa nokutshatyalaliswa kwezityalo kwiindawo ezikhuselweyo.

Akunamsebenzi nokuba "sisityalo nje," okanye ukuba injongo kukusinyamekela kakuhle. Ingxaki ikwisenzo sokuvuna ngokwaso, kwaye oku kusebenza kwabo bayivunayo kunye nabo bayithengayo besazi imvelaphi yayo.

Ii-orchids nazo ziphantsi kolawulo lorhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe phantsi kwe-CITES - isivumelwano esilawula urhwebo lweentlobo ezisengozini yokuphela. Ukuzisa i-orchid evela kwelinye ilizwe ngemithwalo yakho ngaphandle kwamaxwebhu akukho mthethweni, nokuba isityalo sithengwe ngokusemthethweni apho.

Kutheni le nto ibaluleke ngaphaya komthetho?

Izizathu ezibini ezisebenzayo ezichaphazela umlimi ngqo.

Ukuvuna yenye yezizathu zobungozi. Olu hlobo lweentyatyambo, oluhle kwaye lunexabiso eliphezulu lorhwebo, lolona lujoliswe kakhulu, kwaye amaqela amancinci asemaqeleni ehlathi awakwazi ukumelana nokususwa rhoqo. Ukongeza ekulahlekelweni kwendawo yokuhlala, oku kukufaka olu hlobo kuluhlu olusengozini.

Izityalo zasendle zihlala zinzima ukuzilima. Ziqhelene nokukhanya okukhethekileyo, ukufuma, kunye neemeko ze-substrate zaloo ndawo kanye, kwaye ukuzitshintsha zibe yimbiza kuyoyikisa kakhulu—izinga lokulahleka liphezulu.

Ngaphezu koko, izityalo eziqokelelweyo zizisa izinambuzane kunye neentsholongwane ngqo kwiqoqo lakho ngaphandle kokuvalelwa ngaphandle. Ndibone neengxelo zokwanda kwezifo eziqala kwisityalo "esisindisiweyo".

Isityalo se-nursery, esisasazwa ngokutyalwa, sikhule phantsi kweemeko apho siza kuhlala khona. Sitshintshatshintsha ngcono, sidubula ngokuthembekileyo, kwaye asibizi ngaphezu kokuba kubonakala—umahluko wexabiso xa uthelekiswa nesityalo esisuka kuso umncinci.

Indlela yokuthenga iimveliso zemveli ngendlela eyiyo

Ivenkile yezityalo okanye umvelisi obhalisiweyo. Imveliso yezityalo zemveli zorhwebo ngumsebenzi olawulwayo, kwaye abavelisi abazimiseleyo babhalisiwe. Ukucela i-invoyisi yeyona ndlela ilula yokwahlula izityalo zokwenyani nezobuxoki.

Imiboniso eququzelelwa yimibutho yee-orchid yeyona ndawo ilungileyo yokufumana iintlobo zezityalo zasekhaya ezikumgangatho ophezulu. Ababonisi ngabalimi abasasaza izityalo, kwaye badla ngokuchaza imvelaphi yesityalo ngaphandle kokuba ubuze kabini.

Isityalo esisasazwa ngembewu okanye i-meristem. Le yimvelaphi efanelekileyo: ayithathi nto kwindalo, kwaye kwimeko yokusasazwa kwe-meristem uyazi kakuhle into oyifumanayo kuba yi-clone yesityalo esaziwayo.

Ukutshintshiselana phakathi kwabalimi. Ukwahlulwa kwesiqu kwisityalo esele silinyiwe kusemthethweni kwaye yindlela ekhula ngayo inxalenye enkulu yeengqokelela. I-Cattleya esele ikhulile ivelisa izityalo ezintsha rhoqo emva kweminyaka emibini okanye emithathu.

Iimpawu zokuba isityalo sivela endle.

Kubalulekile ukwazi indlela yokuyiqonda, ukuze ungathengi into ungaqondanga.

Isityalo esikhulu nesidala ngexabiso eliphantsi. Isiqu esivuthiweyo sithatha iminyaka ukwakheka kwindawo yokugcina izityalo, kwaye oko kunexabiso. Ixabiso elingaphantsi kakhulu kwexabiso lemarike kwisityalo esikhulu lixabiso eliphantsi kakhulu.

Ingcambu esinqunqiweyo, kunye neentsalela zexolo lomthi ezisanamathele. Isityalo se-nursery sisusiwe embizeni okanye kwi-plaque, inkqubo yaso yeengcambu ilungele loo ndawo.

Umthengisi ophepha imvelaphi , okanye othi ngokungakhathali isityalo "sivela ehlathini," "sivela efama," okanye "sivela kwingqokelela," akafuneki. Impendulo elindelekileyo kumvelisi ligama lohlobo kunye nendlela olusasazwe ngayo.

Ithengiswa ecaleni kwendlela , ngaphandle kwesazisi okanye irisithi. Le yindlela eqhelekileyo yokuqokelelwa kwezityalo.

Kuthekani ukuba ufumana i-orchid ewileyo?

Lo ngumbuzo ofanelekileyo, kwaye impendulo ineengcaciso ezahlukeneyo.

I-orchid ewile kunye nesebe emva kwesiphango, okanye ekwisebe esele linqunyulwe ngexesha lokuthenwa okusemthethweni kwesixeko, yimeko eyahlukileyo kwingqokelela. Isityalo sagxekwa nangona kunjalo, kwaye ukusifudusela kumthi okufutshane okanye ukusithatha kukusindisa, kungekhona ukusikhupha.

Umgca wokwahlula ulula: ngaba uthathe isityalo apho sasiphila khona, okanye wasiqokelela apho sasisele silahlekile khona? Ukusisusa esiqwini kukuqokelela. Ukusithatha emhlabeni emva kokuba siwile kukusindisa.

Kwiyunithi yolondolozo lwendalo, akuvumelekanga nokuba oko — akukho nto isuswayo, nokuba zizinto eziwileyo. Kwaye ukuba kukho amathandabuzo ngendawo ekhuselweyo, eyona ndlela ilungileyo yokwenza kukubonisana nearhente yokusingqongileyo yasekuhlaleni kwangaphambili.

Apho unokubona khona izilwanyana zasekhaya kwindalo, ngaphandle kokuthatha nantoni na.

Ukubona i-orchid idubula kwindawo yayo yendalo kuyinto eyahlukileyo kunokuyibona ebhodweni, kwaye kulula ukuyifumana—akubandakanyi nje ukuyithatha uye nayo ekhaya.

Iigadi zezityalo. Zininzi iindawo zokugcina ii-orchidariums ezineentlobo zezityalo zasekhaya ezichongiweyo, eyona ndlela ilungileyo yokufunda ukuzibona: ubona isityalo sinelebhile echanekileyo kwaye ungasithelekisa noko unako ekhaya.

Iiyunithi zolondolozo ezineendlela. Iipaki zehlathi laseAtlantic ezikwindawo ephakamileyo ziqulathe iintlobo ngeentlobo zezilwanyana, kwaye ngexesha leentyatyambo ungabona okuninzi kwindlela ngokwayo, ujonge phezulu. Iibhayinokulayi ziluncedo ngakumbi kunokusebenzisa isandla sakho.

Imiboniso eququzelelwa yimibutho yee-orchid. Iyenzeka phantse kuwo onke amazwe, idla ngokuba nezityalo ezichongiweyo, abagwebi, kunye nabantu abazimisele ukuchaza izinto. Kulapho ufunda khona ngokukhawuleza, kwaye apho unokuthenga khona ngemvelaphi eqinisekisiweyo.

Icebiso ngendlela yokuziphatha emendweni: akwanelanga ukuthi nje "musa ukuqokelela." Kwakhona kuphephe ukuphatha okanye ukunyathela inkunkuma yamagqabi esuka emendweni kwaye uphazamise izityalo eziwileyo kwindawo yokugcina izityalo—apho, izinto eziwileyo ziyinxalenye yendalo.

Kutheni ezinye iintlobo zezilwanyana zasekhaya zongezwe kuluhlu lwezilwanyana ezisengozini yokuphela?

Ukuqonda indlela esebenza ngayo le nkqubo kunceda ukuqonda ukuba kutheni uxinzelelo lokuqokelelana lubaluleke kangaka kwii-orchid, ngaphezu kwezinye iintlobo zezityalo.

Ukusasazwa okulinganiselweyo ngokwendalo. Iintlobo ezininzi zifumaneka kuphela kumgama othile wokuphakama, ngaphakathi kummandla weentaba. Amaqela amancinci naqokeleleneyo awafunxi izixhobo ezinciphileyo.

Ukukhula kancinci. Isityalo esivuthiweyo esidubulayo singathatha iminyaka eliqela ukuba sikhule kwimbewu. Ukususa isityalo esivuthiweyo akufani nokukha iziqhamo—kukususa amashumi eminyaka eqokeleleneyo.

Ukuxhomekeka kwi-pollinator ethile. Inxalenye enkulu yee-orchids ixhomekeke kwiqela elinye le-pollinator. Ukuba elo qela liyanyamalala kuloo ndawo, isityalo sinokuqhubeka siphila kodwa siyeke ukuzala—abemi bayaguga ngaphandle kokutshintshwa.

Ukulahleka kwendawo yokuhlala kunye nokuvunwa. Nganye nganye yodwa iya kunyamezeleka; xa idibene, akunjalo. Yingakho uhlobo oluneentyatyambo ezintle kunye nexabiso eliphezulu lorhwebo kwi-biome eqhekekileyo lulona ludibaniso lubalulekileyo.

Kufanelekile ukujonga imeko yolondolozo lweentlobo ngaphambi kokuba uzithenge, ingakumbi ukuba zinqabile okanye zibiza kakhulu — isityalo esinqabileyo nesingabizi kakhulu sithetha imvelaphi engaqhelekanga.

Yintoni anokuyenza umlimi ukuze alondoloze izityalo?

Ukulima ekhaya kunokuba yinxalenye yesisombululo, kwaye oko akusiyo intetho nje engenamsebenzi.

Yandisa kwaye usasaze. Ulwahlulo ngalunye lwesiqu esijikeleza phakathi kwabalimi sisityalo esingazange sifune ukuphuma kwindalo. Uhlobo olusasazekileyo ekulinyweni lunoxinzelelo oluncinci lokuvuna.

Bhala phantsi imvelaphi yezityalo zakho. Ukwazi apho zivela khona kongeza ixabiso kwingqokelela yakho kwaye kukuvumela ukuba urhwebe ngazo ngemvelaphi ecacileyo.

Musa ukugatya izityalo ezisuka kwimvelaphi engathandabuzekiyo, kwaye uchaze isizathu. Imfuno yeyona nto ibangela ukuba kuvunwe ngokungekho mthethweni. Abathengisi ababuzwa rhoqo malunga nemvelaphi baya kutshintsha ababoneleli.

Ukukhulisa izityalo zemveli, ekugqibeleni, yeyona ndlela inomdla yokulima apha: isityalo esilungele imozulu, esinembali yasekuhlaleni, kwaye oko kuyanda ekhayeni lakho. Okuchasene nokuthenga i-hybrid ebiza kakhulu engawulungisi umjikelo ngendlela eyiyo.