Masdevallia: duwa la triangle lowala bwino, lolimidwa pamalo ozizira

Masdevallia ili ndi mbiri yomwe imalepheretsa zambiri kuposa momwe imathandizira: "orchid yovuta, kwa iwo omwe ali ndi mpweya woziziritsa." Gawo lokhudza kutentha ndi loona, koma silikwanira—ndipo mbiri iyi imapangitsa anthu ambiri kugula ma thermometer ndikupitilizabe kusamvetsetsa chomwe chimapha chomera, chomwe ndi ubwino wa madzi ndi kuchuluka kwa substrate. Ndikoyenera kumvetsetsa mtundu wa chomera ndi chiyambi chake, chifukwa pafupifupi zofunikira zonse za kulima zimachokera pamenepo.

Kumene amachokera, ndi chifukwa chake, kumakhudza china chilichonse.

Masdevallia ndi mtundu waukulu. Kew's Plants of the World Online imalandira mitundu 659, yomwe imafalikira kuchokera ku Mexico kupita ku Brazil, ndipo imapezeka kwambiri ku Andes—Colombia, Ecuador, ndi Peru. Kutalika komwe kunalembedwa ndi kwakukulu, kuyambira mamita pafupifupi 130 mpaka 3.800, zomwe zikufotokoza chifukwa chake pali kusiyana kwakukulu kwa zofunikira mkati mwa mtundu womwewo.

Komabe, mitundu yambiri ya zomera zomwe zimakula m'nyumba imachokera kumtunda kwa chigawo ichi: nkhalango ya mitambo ya Andes, yomwe ili pamwamba pa mamita 1.500. Kumeneko, mpweya umakhala wonyowa nthawi zonse, chifunga chimadutsa pafupifupi tsiku lililonse, kutentha kumasintha pang'ono, ndipo palibe nyengo yeniyeni youma.

Chomera chomwe chinasanduka m'malo amenewa sichinafunike kupanga malo osungira madzi—ndicho chifukwa chake Masdevallia ilibe pseudobulb . Popanda malo osungiramo madzi awa, palibe dongosolo B: ngati nthaka iuma, palibe komwe ingatenge madzi. Ndi zosiyana ndi Cattleya, yomwe imatha kupirira chilala cha milungu ingapo mu pseudobulb yake. Kusunga madzi kumathetsa theka la kukayikira kwa ulimi—mukasatsimikiza za chinachake, funso lothandiza ndi lakuti “nchiyani chingachitikire chomera ichi chomwe chili pamtunda wa mamita 2.500 ndi chifunga?”.

Kuchuluka kwa kutentha, malinga ndi omwe amafalitsa mapepala azidziwitso za ulimi.

Malangizo a ulimi a American Orchid Society ndi osavuta pankhaniyi, ndipo ndikofunikira kukonza nthano yodziwika bwino: chomwe chomera chimafunikira ndi kutentha kofanana , osati kuchepa kwakukulu pakati pa usana ndi usiku.

Mfundo yofunika kwambiri yokhudza malire apamwamba ndi yakuti sikutanthauza avareji, koma kutentha kwambiri. Masana a 30°C amawononga kwambiri kuposa sabata yonse pa 24°C. Chizindikiro chofulumira kwambiri chakuti zinthu zapita patsogolo ndichakuti duwa limauma lisanatsegulidwe—zikatero, chomwe muyenera kuyang'ana ndi chomwe chatentha kwambiri, osati chomwe sichinakhalepo madzi.

Ponena za kuwala, kusintha kofunikira: Malangizo aku America amalimbikitsa zenera loyang'ana kumpoto kuti dzuwa lisalowe kwambiri. Kum'mwera kwa dziko lapansi, izi ndi zosiyana—apa, zenera lomwe lili ndi dzuwa lochepa ndi lomwe likuyang'ana kum'mwera , ndipo lomwe likuyang'ana kumpoto ndi lamphamvu kwambiri. Kutanthauzira molakwika izi ndi njira yodziwika bwino yotenthera mapepala ngakhale mutatsatira malangizo olondola.

Madziwo amabweretsa Masdevallia yambiri kuposa kutentha.

Iyi ndi gawo lomwe silimawonekera kawirikawiri pamndandanda wa "orchid for beginners", ndipo ndi pomwe vuto lenileni lili. Ma orchid a Masdevallia, monga ena onse a Pleurothallidinae alliance, amakhudzidwa ndi mchere wosonkhanitsidwa. M'nkhalango yamtambo, chomeracho chimalandira madzi amvula ndi condensation—pafupifupi madzi osungunuka. Madzi a pampopi okonzedwa amakhala ndi chlorine, fluoride, ndi mchere wosungunuka womwe umakhazikika mu substrate nthawi iliyonse ikathirira.

Muzochita: madzi amvula ndiye njira yoyamba, ndipo madzi osefedwa a reverse osmosis ndiye njira yachiwiri. Monga chitsanzo chabwino, kulima mitundu yovuta nthawi zambiri kumagwira ntchito ndi madzi osakwana 100 mpaka 150 ppm a zinthu zolimba zosungunuka - mita ya TDS ya aquarium ndi yotsika mtengo ndipo imathetsa kukayikira. Ngati madzi am'deralo ndi olimba, ndikofunikira kuyeza musananene za nyengo.

Chizindikiro cha mchere wochuluka ndi chodziwika bwino ndipo n'chosavuta kusokoneza: nsonga ya tsamba imayaka ndi kufiyira, kuyambira masamba akale . Ndi yofanana kwambiri ndi kuwonongeka kwa bowa, ndipo mankhwalawo ndi osiyana kwambiri - tsukani pansi pake ndi madzi abwino okwanira ndikusintha sing'anga, musagwiritse ntchito fungicide.

Ponena za kuchuluka kwa madzi: nthaka siuma konse. Izi sizimakhala nthawi yokhazikika, chifukwa zimadalira mphika, nthaka, ndi mpweya wabwino — zimakhala chizolowezi kuyika chala chanu pakati pa makungwa ndikumva ngati pali chinyezi pakati pa mphika, osati pamwamba pokha.

Chinyezi chambiri chimafuna kuti mpweya ulowe m'malo mofanana.

Chinyezi chambiri ndi chofunikira kwambiri pa mtundu uwu - kuchuluka komwe kwatchulidwa m'mabuku olima ndi pafupifupi 70 mpaka 90%, ndipo pansi pa 60% kwa nthawi yayitali chomera chimalepheretsa kukula ndipo mphukira zimauma. Koma pali msampha womangidwa mkati: chinyezi chambiri chokhala ndi mpweya wosasunthika chimavunda mizu mu substrate yomwe siuma.

Zinthu ziwirizi zimayendera limodzi. Nthawi iliyonse chinyezi chikawonjezeka, mpweya umayenda bwino. Fan yaying'ono yothamanga pang'ono, yolunjika pakhoma osati pa chomera, imagwira ntchito popanda kuumitsa masamba.

Chomera chopyapyala komanso kubzalanso nthawi zambiri kuposa momwe amayembekezera.

Chomera choyera cha sphagnum moss chimagwira ntchito bwino pa mbande zazing'ono; pa zomera zazikulu, chisakanizo cha makungwa ang'onoang'ono a paini ndi perlite ndi sphagnum moss pang'ono ndi chabwino. Khungwa lolimba siliyenera: limauma mofulumira kwambiri ndipo limasiya mipata yayikulu pomwe mizu yopyapyala singathe kugwira.

Mphika waung'ono, nthawi zonse ndi wochepa kuposa momwe umaonekera. Mizu yake ndi yopyapyala ndipo dongosolo lonse ndi laling'ono - mphika waukulu umatanthauza nthaka yonyowa yambiri yopanda mizu yoti ilowemo, kenako imaola.

Kubzala zomera pachaka , kapena pamene sphagnum moss yayamba kuuma. Izi zimachitika kawirikawiri kuposa maluwa ambiri obzalidwa m'nyumba, ndipo ndi cholinga: nthaka yakale, yowola imasunga mchere womwe chomera sichilola. Nthawi yabwino ndi nthawi yomwe mphukira imayamba kuphuka, osati pamene mphukira ikadali pa chomera.

Mitundu itatu yoyambira nayo, ndipo imodzi yomwe imakhululukira kwambiri.

Mtundu wa Masdevallia tovarensis ndi womwe umalimbikitsidwa kwa atsopano ku mtundu wa zomera. Umalekerera kutentha pang'ono kuposa ena, umapanga maluwa oyera m'magulu atatu mpaka asanu pa tsinde lililonse—mosiyana ndi mtundu wambiri, womwe umapanga duwa limodzi pa tsinde lililonse—ndipo umaphuka kumapeto kwa chaka.

Ndipo pali chinthu china chofunikira kudziwa musanachite cholakwika: musadule tsinde la duwa likagwa . *Phalaenopsis tovarensis* idzaphukanso patsinde lomwelo m'zaka zotsatira. Anthu ochokera ku Phalaenopsis orchids amalidula chifukwa cha chizolowezi ndipo amaphonya nyengo.

Masdevallia veitchiana ndi yokongola kwambiri: lalanje lowala kwambiri lophimbidwa ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta papillae tofiirira, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kuwala kuwonekere bwino akayang'anizana ndi kuwala. Ndi wa ku Peru, wochokera kudera la Machu Picchu, ndipo umafuna usiku wozizira.

Masdevallia coccinea ili ndi maluwa akuluakulu, ofiira, achikasu, kapena oyera, pa tsinde lalitali. Ndi mtundu wa Colombia, umakula bwino m'malo okwera kwambiri, ndipo sutha kutentha kwambiri mwa mitundu itatuyi—ndi bwino kusiya mutakonza bwino malo okhala ndi tovarensis.

Kulima mbewu m'malo otentha: zomwe zimagwira ntchito komanso nthawi yoti musiye.

Kukhala pamalo otentha sikulepheretsa kulima, koma kumafuna kupanga microclimate. Kuyambira yotsika mtengo mpaka yokwera mtengo kwambiri: bafa yokhala ndi zenera nthawi zambiri ndi chipinda chonyowa komanso chozizira kwambiri m'nyumba; thireyi yokhala ndi dothi lonyowa pansi pa miphika imasunga chinyezi chapafupi; ndipo, m'miyezi yozizira kwambiri, chipinda chokhala ndi mpweya wozizira pafupifupi 20°C masana. Anthu omwe amalima mochuluka amasankha chipinda chosungira vinyo cholamulidwa ndi nyengo kapena chipinda chaching'ono chobiriwira chokhala ndi choziziritsira chomwe chimatuluka madzi.

Koma tiyeni tinene zoona: anthu okhala m'madera otentha opanda njira izi ndi bwino kuyamba ndi mtundu wina. Popanda kutentha kochepa usiku, Masdevallia imapulumuka kwakanthawi ndipo simaphuka—ndipo zimenezo zimakhumudwitsa kwambiri kuposa momwe zimaphunzitsira. Sindingalimbikitse izi kwa munthu amene akuyamba ndi maluwa a orchid ndipo alibe njira yowongolera kutentha.

Chidule chomwe ndingapatse munthu amene wagula buku lake loyamba...

Yankhani vuto la madzi musanayankhe thermometer. Anthu ambiri amafika ku Masdevallia akuda nkhawa ndi kutentha, amagula thermometer, amayesa kutentha kwa mlengalenga—ndipo amapitiriza kuthirira ndi madzi olimba, akuona chomera chikuchepa pang'onopang'ono popanda chifukwa chomveka.

Madzi abwino, nthaka yabwino imasinthidwa chaka chilichonse, kutentha kokhazikika mkati mwa nthawi yoyenera, komanso mpweya umayenda bwino. Zonse zinayi pamodzi, chifukwa palibe chomwe chimakwaniritsa zosowa za ina. Ndi mtundu womwe sulekerera kwambiri kupanga maluwa—ndipo, pobwezera, umapanga maluwa osazolowereka kwambiri omwe munthu angakhale nawo m'nyumba.